![]() With Wacom Ink for Education, we are now focusing on 'Pen and Ink enablement' in order to help developers with integrating digital ink capacities into their applications, with a strong focus on education needs. To capture all aspects of hardware and software landscapes, solutions utilizing agnostic technology are required. However, due to various prerequisites and technical resources required, hybrid education use cases are proving to be highly complex when enabling these workflows. It also combines the intuitive nature and flexibility of the pen with the added value of digital smart workflows. Digital ink enables applications to support modern teaching methods. Writing material down improves memory retention, learning comprehension, and increases student engagement. Wacom Ink for Education is Wacom's mission to utilize our technology for improving modern education, digital workflows and constant transformation within education. ![]() If you are impacted, please visit for more information. We show that compared with the dissolved organic carbon amounts present in the river at any time of the year or any flow conditions, photomineralization is essentially an unimportant process, removing on average 3%–5% of the dissolved organic carbon through an average watershed river route.Important Note: Due to the current situation and for reasons beyond Wacom’s control, it is currently not possible for Wacom to offer online services in Russia. This is the first model that puts photomineralization rates in the context of a flowing temperate river network. In this paper, we build a model for the river sections of temperate Connecticut River Watershed, which calculates photomineralization for possible river flow conditions, dissolved organic carbon concentrations, and seasons, and compares the size of the sunlight-driven breakdown of dissolved organic carbon to the amount of dissolved organic carbon in the river. Sunlight shining into rivers can cause these organic molecules to break down in a process called photomineralization, but it is not clear if this process is important compared to the total amount of organic carbon that travels through rivers every day. ![]() Within rivers, dissolved organic carbon molecules can be broken down into inorganic carbon molecules, including the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. Rivers are an important part of the carbon cycle, moving carbon compounds from land to the ocean. In median flows and mean light intensities, for an average watershed travel distance, 3%–5% of the DOC fluxes are eliminated, indicating that photomineralization is a minor DOC sink in temperate rivers. We find that relative photomineralization fluxes are highest in summer drought conditions in low order streams. We calculate DOC elimination by photomineralization relative to DOC fluxes through individual stream reaches as well as the entire riverine portion of the CRW. Even for high photomineralization fluxes, corresponding photomineralization uptake velocities are typically at least an order of magnitude smaller than those reported for other instream processes. Our model predicts average daily areal photomineralization rates ranging from 1.16 mg-C m −2 day −1 in low flow river reaches in the winter, to 18.33 mg-C m −2 day −1 in high flow river reaches during the summer. Our model quantifies reaction rates and transport drivers within the river reaches for the ranges of flow conditions, incoming solar irradiance, and canopy cover shading observed throughout the year. We test the hypothesis that photomineralization is a negligible DOC sink across all reaches and flow conditions relative to DOC fluxes. In this study, we construct a model representing over 75,000 river reaches in the Connecticut River Watershed (CRW), USA, to calculate spectrally resolved photomineralization. The importance of complete photooxidation, or photomineralization, as a sink for DOC remains unclear in temperate rivers, as most estimates are restricted to lakes, high latitude rivers, and coastal river plumes. Sunlight can oxidize dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in freshwaters.
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